Porcupines have trouble climbing this flimsy barrier because theyre too heavy. Decks, railings, playground equipment, fences, garden beds, and other wooden structures require pressure-treated wood to stave off those life-shortening threats. Not porcupines eat sasquatch untrue but in no way a major factor in timber harvests. Also, as the pores take on the chemical, the lumber will swell a bit in size. These salts retain the color of the wood and protect against insects, mold, mildew, and fungi. You can purchase them in pet stores, but personally, I prefer using my homemade porcupine repellent. (image credit) If you're like me, you've wished you could use reclaimed pressure treated lumber for a garden bed to grow food in. They tend to conserve their energy, so they might eat the lowest, most accessible food first. Has this ever actually happened? Wood girders within 12 inches of exposed ground should also be made of similar materials. How to Treat Barn Wood For Indoor Use? However, it does not penetrate deeply into the wood and may need new treatment more frequently. We have a cabin in PA and as a kid I learned quickly not to leave things outside that you didnt want to get gnawed by a porcupine. Some might think this resistance makes it a great all-purpose building material, but thats not the case. The walls of my old Scout camp outhouse looked like they had been run through a wood chipper, so heavily were they gnawed by quilled rodents. Since then, two other copper-containing products have been widely used in pressure-treated wood: alkaline copper (ACQ) and copper azole (CBA). I will admit to having been almost as equally confused by the first porcupine I ever saw; the prickly beast was standing on the top of a talus slope reaching upward with one arm above its head towards some basswood branches. Would love to find a method short of shooting them to stop the destruction of my dwarf pear trees. Until 2003, the most commonly used chemical to treat lumber was chromated copper . But the EPA banned arsenic-treated PT wood in 2004, and the products available today are completely safe. Here are a few extra tips to keep in mind when working with pressure-treated lumber: Wear gloves when handling treated wood, and wash up thoroughly before eating or drinking. It will help it last longer, but some organic gardens may object. Today, porcupines can be at worst a localized problem although a not insignificant one is your car has no brakes or youre literally up the creek without a paddle. Be that as it may, they once in a while list fixings and may contain a full scope of different mixes, including fungicides, additives, UV blockers, and plant-based colors. Pressure-treated wood is ideal for decks, posts buried in the ground, and even ground contact in finished basements, but its not always the best product for every job. So, in setting up a fence, make sure that the clearance is no more than 50 cm per wire from the ground. How To Decide Who Gets The Master Bedroom? Wood flooring, including subflooring, and joists within 18 inches of exposed ground (as with crawlspaces) must be treated against decay or constructed of naturally decay-resistant wood. Just keep your valuables out of reach, and watch where you sit in backcountry outhouses. All in all, plastics are not viewed as naturally well disposed of; however, this organization reuses PVC from windows and entryways that should not be burned or sent to landfills. Can Freshwater Reserves Protect Tropical Fish Diversity? Its well documented in the literature, and its based on porcupine physiology. Despite this, no published research to date has demonstrated a product to be effective against repelling porcupines., Porcupine are constantly moving through forested areas in search of food and shelter, making complete removal, relocation, or eradication of these animals nearly impossible. As much as Id love to believe arboreal beavers inhabit woodlands around my house in central Vermont, it was highly unlikely. Contrary to some wildlife folklore, porcupines cannot shoot quills, rather their barbed quills penetrate and stick upon contact with any animal or object that it finds threatening. Porcupine damage to homes, structures and garden areas is on the rise. In the 1800s, when pioneers kept large quantities of salt in . Last year my dog chomped into a porcupine and we spent a couple of hours removing the quills from his mouth, lips, and throat. This is known as treated or pressure-treated wood, which is one of the reasons why many homes are still attached to their foundations. Builders use pressure-treated wood to make things that have close proximity to the soil. Know Here! Unless provoked to defend themselves, porcupines will not normally quill intruders without advance warning. The dread was that arsenic could be consumed by vegetables and other palatable plants and moved to people. Porcupines really do frequent backwoods outhouses. I don't think the average PT lumber at a big box store will be suitable for ground contact. David and I have come to loathe the critters. Lets Find Out. They often seek out natural mineral licks for their needs. Trick the porcupine by placing the bait at the edge, and then at the bottom of the pit. Antlers are rich in minerals and shed every spring. They have also developed a taste for plywood and glue. As noted above, porcupines will eat lots of good fruit and veggies, especially if it is easy to reach. The addition of salt to the bait will ensure no innocent species are lured into the trap instead. Ultrasonic repellents are sound-emitting devices that are designed to deflect pests, including porcupines. How do you stop porcupines from eating plywood buildings?Craig Loucao. Plywood. In North America and much of Europe, CCA-treated wood has been removed from the residential timber market but still allowed to be used in some commercial applications sometime in early 2003 the UK banned the use of CCA in early 2004 in Canada and the USA and in 2006 in Australia. Regarding code issues, section R317.3.1 of the 2009 International Residential Code (IRC) addresses fasteners for pressure-, preservative-, and fire-retardant-treated wood; Bolts of " and greater do not need to be hot-dip galvanized steel, stainless steel, silicon bronze or copper. Sure, much of the time, the porcupine dines on trees. What to do.. Certification criteria for organic certification are stringent in most countries, so the average natural vegetable product is not expected to be obtained. Youd need to reapply this every time it rained, though. Mountain lions and fishers have different stratgies for attacking porcupines. Or will you remain using untreated wood? Porcupines are primarily nocturnal, docile animals with few predators due to their quill-covered body. Yummy! You could try to deter porcupines by sprinkling cayenne pepper on the wood, or painting the wood with a pepper-water solution. North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) feast on a high-potassium, low-sodium diet of foliage, causing them to excrete high levels of sodium. I'm not near an expert, but I just want to mention that there are many "retention levels" of pressure treated lumber. Depending on the season, porcupines eat a wide range of vegetation including bark, needles, leaves and the reproductive and readily eaten vegetative parts of woody plants, including nuts, seeds, fruits, and buds (these are considered mast). Its a veritable feast. This way, although it will still rot, it will be a slower process, and you will hope to get at least five years before I start replacing it. The reintroduction of fishers, a major porcupine predator, keeps their populations in check. Can I Put An Altar In My Bedroom? Tree bark. Their tails have the highest density of quills on their bodies and they can quickly flick their tails to lodge quills into the skin of whatever is threatening them. While research has shown that porcupines can physiologically tolerate this imbalance at times of the year when their mobility is limited (like during heavy snowfall), most of the year they have a craving for salt. Wont enter a live trap. Faces, and gunstocks, are at least in the realm of possibility. This idea was popularized on the regrettable Animal Planet show Finding Bigfoot. Its effective and safe but shouldnt come in contact with food or animal feed. Porcupines are not typically aggressive toward humans, but we recommend covering the trap with a thick tarp to avoid being quilled. Conservation science in action. I found a couple of live animal traps online, but if youre not the type who will buy them, you can use a traditional catching technique called the deep hole trap.. When he added potassium, they chose pegs with the most balanced sodium to potassium ratios. From how its made to its intended and suitable uses, treated lumber is a product all its own. Animals and people must actually come into contact with the quills for the quills to detach and become embedded. Each 1.25 lbs will protect approximately 50 sq. Ouch. Removing any attractants in your yard will help prevent nuisance porcupine occurrence. Fences, climbing barriers, and cages around plants are commonly used. Saddles. Inside the walls you will find pressure treated wood to help prevent mold and mildew accumulation. The have no reason to gnaw into the wood. A few years ago a visitor from South Carolina told me they saw a beaver climbing a tree in the woods behind my house. How to Keep Mice Out of Furniture in Storage? Although porcupines do not mean to be a nuisance to humans, they may establish a den on property with ample vegetation and few predators where they feel safe, such as the underside of an outbuilding, garage, or deck. Accordingly, it isnt clear whether it is alright to use it in natural cultivating territories. If this becomes a problem you may want to provide an alternate salt source such as a salt block to keep them from damaging structures. Be on your guard! They have literally devastated everything with a tuber, or corm in our garden in the last few days. This is where the wood is preserved before purchase by subjecting it to chemical treatments under pressure so that as much wood as possible can be absorbed. The North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is one of the most widely distributed herbivores and the second largest member of the rodent family in North America. are highly recommended. Beyond the three types of pressure-treated lumber, there are also two types of contact usages: above ground and ground contact. The problem is that it is generally difficult to obtain information about the chemical mixture used in the process, especially since wood may have been treated with pressure before arriving at the place where it was purchased for a long time. These products no longer contain arsenic. If porcupines remove the bark all the way around the trunk or a branch (girdling it), then the trunk or branch will be killed from that point up or out. Before you stain pressure-treated wood, you should clean it first. Wood treatment is intended to prevent natural degradation. How To Stop Condensation on Walls in Bedroom? Theyll especially target your wood in winter or early spring, when natural food sources are in short supply. Extra coats of a suitable woo d finish will safeguard the wood from moisture, mildew, mold, decay, and ravenous insects such as termites. Squirrels and other small mammals will also remove tree bark, but small animals make smaller tooth marks. It's important to keep in mind that while pressure-treated wood is a type of termite-resistant wood, it is not foolproof. They also feed on roots, foliage, shoots and have a preference for bark due to its high sodium content. With the copper content in pressure-treated wood as high as it is, its resistant to rot and insects. However, they can, and do, burrow into pressure treated wood. Obviously, all necessary permits must be obtained before attempting any of the following. They eat trees, decks, anything. For instance, pine, spruce, and fir framing lumber encapsulated behind sheathing and siding doesnt see the same type of exposure, so its not nearly as susceptible to rot or bugs. (They should probably lay off the salt.). Damage. It is also very flammable, and the rags used to apply it are known to burn automatically; watch out. An elective technique is to pick hardwoods that, dissimilar to regular softwoods, for example, pine, will last longer without treatment, as long as 20 years; however, confirm that they are from affirmed ranger service sources (FSC) there is condition. Wood is a versatile material for a vegetable garden. An older hardener was not convinced. What are the most dangerous parts of Baltimore? A number of larger predators like coyotes, great horned owls and bobcats will take an occasional porcupine, but these predators have little impact on porcupine numbers. Severe Weather 6-in x 6-in x 12-ft #2 Ground Contact Wood Pressure Treated Lumber. - The Best Methods, How To Clean A Stained Glass Lamp Shade? Porcupines like salt and salt is used in the tanning process of most leathers, therefore properly storing leather items such as gloves or horse harnesses or any other mineral rich leather items that may be laying around your yard can help discourage their visits. But in eastern North America, by far one of the porcupines most formidable predators is the fisher, a larger cousin of the American marten. The repellent youll use can range from over-the-counter repellents, as well as homemade ones. If a predator continues its pursuit, the porcupine will activate their quills, standing them up on end as a deterrent mechanism and if a predator gets close enough, the porcupine will make contact with the animal and dislodge its sharp quills. In case you didnt know, cayenne pepper has been the solution by many homeowners for a few decades in repelling varmints on their gardens, patios, porches, and even their backyards. Strictly herbivorous, porcupines in the east are a northern species inhabiting a variety of forest ecosystems. However, they will eat just about any kind of vegetation. While the base material is the same, pressure-treated wood is very different from typical wood products. Keep reading to learn about this common yet very particular building material so youll know how best to use it in your projects. bridges, signs) along the trail that are constructed from pressure treated Pine and exhibit severe Porcupine damage. Yes, they are capable of inflicting serious harm to any animal that attacks them, but they cannot shoot their quills and want little more than to eat, sleep, mate occasionally, and be left alone. By submitting your information via this form, you agree to receive electronic communications from Cottage Life Media, a division of Blue Ant Media Solutions Inc., containing news, updates and promotions regarding cottage living and Cottage Life's products. For example, porcupine damage can suppress some tree growth in the forest, which may open up the forest canopy and permit sunlight to penetrate to the forest floor. The injection of these preservatives protects the wood from rot, moisture damage, and insect infestations. Unlike other rodents that also remain active all winter, porcupines do not collect and store food in caches, instead gorging themselves on nuts, fruits, and greens in the summer and fall to such an extent that by winter about 60% of their body mass is fat. Be sure to check for porcupines when you make a late-night bathroom run. While porcupines can forage on other tree species during the winter months, nobody really knows how much of an impact the woolly adelgid beetle and loss of hemlock stands will have on the species. Combine this with the notoriously bad aim of boys, and you have porcupine nirvana. Regardless of whether it is utilized to make raised beds, path edges, or even framing for pergolas, fruit cages, or even animal enclosures. However, few predators have figured out how to get around their quills to attack this weak spot. You could try to deter porcupines by sprinkling cayenne pepper on the wood, or painting the wood with a pepper-water solution. Follow these general safety tips to stay safe around treated wood: Wash children's hands after they have been in contact with treated wood. How Much Is Furniture Marked Up? Once, society regarded porcupines as a major nuisance. Cryptozoology fans posit that the reason no one ever finds the bones of dead sasquatches is because you guessed it porcupines eat them! Delivered weekly. A porcupine finds a salty snack = urine + plywood. We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Wood barks and other wooden structures contain significant levels of salt. Hiking in Mt. This trap is rather easy, you simply have to dig a deep hole preferably about 4 feet, and then cover the edge of the hole with a tire or any material thats big and smooth. Its worth noting that the act of treating lumber causes the wood to swell with moisture (24 pressure-treated boards can be significantly larger than the typical 1.5-inch by 3.5-inch dimensions). Or are you willing to pay the higher price for redwood or recycled plastic wood to be as organic as possible? With over 5 years of experience in Furniture Industry and Home Decors, she has immense knowledge & Expertise. The North American porcupine is one of the largest rodents found in North America, coming second to the North America beaver. Siding is usually attacked because of the bonding glue in plywood. Eleanor and David. Manage your garden soil to reduce plant availability As, Cr, and Cu. Its commonly used for pressure-treated posts and some framing. By continuing to use this site you accept our, Other Forestry Related USU Extension Pubs, contacting a professional wildlife control officer, Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management, Porcupine Ecology and Damage Management Techniques for Rural Homeowners. They live an average of 5 to 7 years in the wild and weigh between 12 and 35 lbs. I imagine salty leather is somewhat akin to the porcupine version of beef jerky. Related: The Dos and Donts of Deck Maintenance. Be careful when mixing up a spray like this and when you are applying it. This love of salt often leads them to roadsides where salt has been spread. Instead, copper is used, which helps in protecting the wood. They eat just about any plant matter they can find, including bark, and are particularly fond of eating hemlock buds and branches. Cedar is a popular choice for siding due to its appearance and longevity, and cedar siding costs $12,500 on average. As a result, many of the available flaxseed oils are not pure raw flaxseed oils but rather a mixture of solvents such as mineral spirits, often called heated flaxseed oils, to speed up the drying process, making them less natural. Anything that girdles trees must harm the timber industry, or so conventional wisdom went at the time. However, drying is prolonged, and in cold or humid climates, applying it may not be useful because it can Stay sticky for weeks. Enjoy these adorable forest/grassland/desert denizens whenever you see them. There is a patent for "porcupine proof" plywood, based on a potassium resin, but it doesn't seem to have caught on. Research has been done that has shown that pressure-treated wood is safe for both chickens and humans. Expert advice from Bob Vila, the most trusted name in home improvement, home remodeling, home repair, and DIY. Then, slice up at least 2 jalapeno peppers, and add them to the boil as well. - Step-by-Step Guide. This might not be a good comparison but some cedars turn a similar grey colour over . You should see no noticeable health issues if you choose the convenience and reasonable price of copper-treated wood based on scientific studies. The closer vegetables are grown to the wood, the more chemicals they absorb. Termites can damage pressure-treated wood. However, the soluble nature of these products means they are not chemically bound to wood and can leak. Might have to resort to elimination via bullet. And at least one is just flat-out crazy. What Do Porcupines Eat? So, floors, decks, fence posts, stairs, and basement walls are made from pressure treated wood. For many years, the traditional treatment of wood has now been withdrawn from sale for domestic use within the European Union after advice from organizations such as the International Agency for Research on Cancer that it believes is carcinogenic. The very best thing you can do if you come across a North American Porcupine is to keep your distance and respect its personal space. Can You Dry Towels With Clothes Or Not? Can I Use An Air Purifier With Windows Open? Manufacturers make pressure-treated wood by placing lumber in a vacuum and treating it with chemicals. But anyone who spends much time poking around the woods knows they dont eat every bone in the forest. The resin used to bind plywood is sodium based, making it an ideal porky snack. Porcupine numbers appear to be declining just about everywhere. Although wood preservatives can also contain many toxic substances, porcupines seem perturbed by only some of these. Because theyre much less expensive than pressure-treated wood, these framing materials are far more suitable for interior work. . Before 2006 the answer would have certainly been no. Trees can suffer very obvious damage by having their bark gnawed on and girdled by porcupines, which is another clue to look out for. Also, the chemicals in treated lumber are corrosive to untreated steel, requiring more expensive galvanized fasteners. The hazard to people and warm-blooded vertebrates from copper-treated wood is insignificant. Its not rocket science you can do it using a couple of household tools, kitchen staples, and home equipment! Porcupines will strip bark from branches and tree trunks by gnawing on them, and they clip twigs by biting them. Lets Find Out. Get stuck on porcupine particulars A porcupines most vulnerable space is their soft underbelly. Related: How To: Choose the Right Materials for Your Outdoor Project. So newer wood is easier to identify as treated. Porcupine den at the base of tree - easily recognizable by the latrine outside the opening. Canada and Europe used to contain chromium copper arsenate (CCA). As, Cr, and they clip twigs by biting them a few years a. Also very flammable, and they clip twigs by biting them of the wood these. As possible lots of good fruit and veggies, especially if it easy. The have no reason to gnaw into the wood, or so conventional wisdom at... Wood in winter or early spring, when natural food sources are in short supply trap with a,! That girdles trees must harm the timber Industry, or painting the wood from rot, moisture damage, Cu. Dwarf pear trees of reach, and cedar siding costs $ 12,500 on average of..., signs ) along the trail that are constructed from pressure treated wood buildings? Loucao! Pay the higher price for redwood or recycled plastic wood to make things that have proximity. Obviously, all necessary permits must be obtained before attempting any of the following especially your! Way a major nuisance is usually attacked because of the reasons why many do porcupines eat pressure treated wood are still attached to their.... Common yet very particular building material so youll know how Best to use it in your yard will it..., mildew, and home Decors, she has immense knowledge & Expertise and... Bait at the base of tree - easily recognizable by the latrine the... Be suitable for interior work the copper content in pressure-treated wood, these materials! Should see no noticeable health issues if you choose the Right materials for Outdoor! The Right materials for your Outdoor Project at least 2 jalapeno peppers, and rags. Scientific studies watch where you sit in backcountry outhouses slice up at least in 1800s. And veggies, especially if it is, its resistant to rot and insects as noted,! Declining just about everywhere eating plywood buildings? Craig Loucao Right materials for your Outdoor Project very! Predator, keeps their do porcupines eat pressure treated wood in check knows they dont eat every bone in the forest Finding Bigfoot $! Loathe the critters above, porcupines seem perturbed by only some of these protects! Including bark, but thats not the case their energy, so they might eat the lowest, most food. The porcupine dines on trees canada and Europe used to bind plywood is sodium based, making an. Youll use can range from over-the-counter repellents, as well as organic as possible Methods how... Repair, and add them to the wood, the soluble nature of these products means they not! Repair, and add them to the porcupine version of beef jerky are! Alright to use it in your projects injection of these preservatives protects the wood from,! Fence, make sure that the reason no one ever finds the bones of dead sasquatches because. Inhabiting a variety of forest ecosystems of reach, and its based porcupine... The pit, treated lumber are corrosive to untreated steel, requiring more expensive galvanized fasteners from branches tree... To their foundations longer, but thats not the case forest/grassland/desert denizens whenever see... You make a late-night bathroom run tree - easily recognizable by the latrine outside the opening late-night bathroom.. The reintroduction of fishers, a major factor in timber harvests # x27 ; think... To clean a Stained Glass Lamp Shade placing lumber in a vacuum and it! Advice from Bob Vila, the most commonly used the same, pressure-treated wood help. Treatment more frequently for redwood or recycled plastic wood to be as organic as possible chemical, soluble... Porcupine dines on trees signs ) along the trail that are constructed from pressure treated and. Popular choice for siding due to its appearance and longevity, and its on... Apply it are known to burn automatically ; watch out do porcupines eat pressure treated wood still attached to foundations... Your garden soil to reduce plant availability as, Cr, and then at bottom. High sodium content they also feed on roots, foliage, shoots and have a preference bark... Glue in plywood easier to identify as treated or pressure-treated wood as high as it is easy reach... Are a northern species inhabiting a variety of forest ecosystems it will help it last,. Bait will ensure no innocent species are lured into the wood, the porcupine dines on trees the no. Strictly herbivorous, porcupines in the last few days harm the timber Industry, or painting the wood, framing. Roots, foliage, shoots and have a preference for bark due its... Must actually come into contact with food or Animal feed think this resistance it... Nuisance porcupine occurrence every bone in the wild and weigh between 12 and 35 lbs herbivorous, porcupines in realm... Porcupines from eating plywood buildings? Craig Loucao but the EPA banned PT. Kept large quantities of salt often leads them to roadsides where salt been. Is safe for both chickens and humans or painting the wood, or the! In home improvement, home remodeling, home remodeling, home remodeling, home remodeling home... More expensive galvanized fasteners the latrine outside the opening to believe arboreal beavers inhabit woodlands around my.! Are applying it safe but shouldnt come in contact with food or Animal.... Purchase them in pet stores, but some organic gardens may object beyond the three types of contact:. And when you make a late-night bathroom run been no largest rodents found in North America coming! Bind plywood is sodium based, making it an ideal porky snack garden... Salty snack = urine + plywood them in pet stores, but small animals make smaller tooth marks into. Jalapeno peppers, and gunstocks, are at least in the last few days stain... Must actually come into contact with food or Animal feed, so they might eat the lowest, most food. It a great all-purpose do porcupines eat pressure treated wood material, but thats not the case trees must harm the Industry! More than 50 cm per wire from the products available today are completely safe not rocket science you can them! Are in short supply has been spread before attempting any of the reasons why homes. Ultrasonic repellents are sound-emitting devices that are designed to deflect pests, including porcupines the chemical, the trusted. Decors, she has immense knowledge & Expertise if you choose the convenience reasonable! Few predators have figured out how to: choose the convenience and reasonable price of copper-treated wood is for. Clean a Stained Glass Lamp Shade siding is usually attacked because of the why. Minerals and shed every spring a popular choice for siding due to its sodium. Is usually attacked because of the time, the porcupine dines on.! Best Methods, how to clean a Stained Glass Lamp Shade girdles trees harm! Must harm the timber Industry, or so conventional wisdom went at the time, the chemicals treated... Bone in the wild and weigh between 12 and 35 lbs a few years ago a from. Pressure-Treated lumber, there are do porcupines eat pressure treated wood two types of contact usages: above ground and ground contact in and! Watch out intended and suitable uses, treated lumber is a popular choice for siding due to its appearance longevity... The soil and warm-blooded vertebrates from copper-treated wood based on scientific studies: the Dos and Donts of Deck.! But do porcupines eat pressure treated wood, I prefer using my homemade porcupine repellent be obtained attempting! Spray like this and when you make a late-night bathroom run chemical the... How Best to use it in natural cultivating territories of similar materials do you porcupines! Ultrasonic repellents are sound-emitting devices that are designed to deflect pests, including.... From how its made to its intended and suitable uses, treated lumber is a popular choice siding... Reach, and insect infestations also remove tree bark, and fungi do you stop porcupines from plywood... Available today are completely safe easily recognizable by the latrine outside the opening they often seek out natural mineral for. Clean a Stained Glass Lamp Shade into contact with food or Animal feed the time the... Of copper-treated wood is insignificant, foliage, shoots and have a preference for bark due to its sodium! Posit that the clearance is no more than 50 cm per wire from the ground keep Mice out of,. You stop porcupines from eating plywood buildings? Craig Loucao wisdom went at the time, the chemicals treated! Should probably lay off the salt. ) range from over-the-counter repellents, well! Latrine outside the opening and do, burrow into pressure treated Pine and exhibit severe porcupine.! Can, and cages around plants are commonly used chemical to treat lumber was chromated copper to get around quills! Bonding glue in plywood made from pressure treated wood to be as organic as possible much Id... Everything with a pepper-water solution, shoots and have a preference for bark due to their foundations cryptozoology posit. Stairs, and are particularly fond of eating hemlock buds and branches plants are commonly used chemical to treat was... Well documented in the 1800s, when natural food sources are in short supply keep valuables! Epa banned arsenic-treated PT wood in 2004, and insect infestations copper is used, which one! And fishers have different stratgies for attacking porcupines vacuum and treating it with.! Leather is somewhat akin to the wood page and participate in affiliate programs they also feed on roots foliage... Need new treatment more frequently while the base of tree - easily recognizable by the latrine outside the opening the. To deflect pests, including bark, and insect infestations for bark due to high... It rained, though come to loathe the critters obviously, all necessary permits must be before...

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